储存太阳能或电气设备的EMP如果将发生在2012年？

这是由Jerry Emanuelson有趣的文章...非常有关的极其强烈的太阳耀斑标题电网瘫痪我们的星球目前的预测。

电磁脉冲攻击的准备

科幻作家阿瑟·克拉克曾经说过：任何足够先进的技术都与魔法无异。

此语句通常被称为克拉克的第三定律。 很多人都听过这个报价，但很少有人真正认为它的影响。

我们现在生活在一个世界，所以完全沉浸在先进的技术，我们对我们的生存依赖。 扳动开关，使灯来获得所有在附近的超市，我们的粮食供应 - 最 - 的行动，我们依靠我们的日常活动都是从一个世纪前，任何人会考虑魔术。

在工业化国家中的极少数人做工作，不直接由电子计算机协助，虽然计算机化的援助往往是无形的平均人。少数人的东西，如事实认为，当我们在超市买一些食品项目（和许多其他购买同一项目），下一次我们去到同一个超市，他们仍然有大约相同的用品，他们收到的。 我们周围有无形的，是由先进的技术基础设施。 我们大多数人只是采取理所当然的法宝。

几个人停下来考虑的话，在瞬间会发生什么，神奇的走了。 如果我们的先进技术，突然，彻底摧毁，我们将如何管理生存？ 一个核电磁脉冲可以使魔术走开。 我希望它永远不会发生，我不认为这必然。 这是没有意义的，但是，失明的危险。 这是两个多不太可能发生 - 也不太可能有灾难性的影响 - 如果，作为一个文明和个人，我们正准备攻击我们的先进技术。 一个核电磁脉冲将是一个看似神奇的攻击后，我们的先进技术，我们的生活所依赖的技术基础设施。

这是一个有关一些个人可以做的事情，准备电磁脉冲攻击的页面。 我是一名电子工程师，约三十年，他已对EMP的问题思考。 我什至有一个古老的Radio Shack的TRS-80 Model 4的已加装了一个完整的电磁屏蔽。 这只是一个个人的古董，无用的东西，但个人提醒了多久，我一直在思考这个问题。 早期型号的个人电脑，甚至没有硬盘驱动器。

我已经花了我职业生涯的大部分高的山顶上，与广播和电视发射机，其中有很多雷击和其他各类严重的电磁暂态。 谁花自己的职业生涯，在相当良性的电磁环境中工作的许多工程师没有意识到我们的技术基础设施的脆弱性。 On this page, I'm going to concentrate on a nuclear EMP attack, but much of this also applies to natural events such as unusual geomagnetic storms due to extremely large solar storms.

The threat of a sudden EMP attack that causes a widespread catastrophe is certainly nothing new. Consider this Cold War era quotation from a widely-read and highly-respected publication: “The United States is frequently crossed by picture-taking Cosmos series satellites that orbit at a height of 200 to 450 kilometers above the earth. Just one of these satellites, carrying a few pounds of enriched plutonium instead of a camera, might touch off instant coast-to-coast pandemonium: the US power grid going out, all electrical appliances without a separate power supply (televisions, radios, computers, traffic lights) shutting down, commercial telephone lines going dead, special military channels barely working or quickly going silent.” — from “Nuclear Pulse (III): Playing a Wild Card” by William J. Broad in Science magazine, pages 1248-1251, June 12, 1981 .

First : A brief note about solar storms (and similar natural events), and then I'll get back to nuclear EMP. Solar storms would primarily affect the power grid, and are not likely to harm things like computers. Also, solar storms would only disrupt communications temporarily, and would not be likely to cause direct harm to communications equipment (except for satellites). An extremely large solar storm, though, could induce geomagnetic currents that would destroy a substantial fraction of the large transformers on the power grid (possibly over much of the world). If this happened, electric power loss due to a large solar storm would be out for a period of years. Unlike nuclear EMP, such a solar storm is an eventual inevitability.

The last solar storm that could have caused this level of damage happened in 1859, before the power grid was in place (although in 1921 a large solar storm, of briefer duration than the 1859 event, occurred which affected only a small area of the planet). The power grid has only been in place for a tiny fraction of one percent of human history, and a really large solar storm (of the size and duration of the 1859 event) has not happened in that time. There is a general assumption that any solar event that is similar to, or larger than, the 1859 solar superstorm will simply never happen again, although there is no justification for such an assumption — in fact, we know that this assumption is false. There is a good possibility that such a solar storm will happen in this century. If it happens in the current situation without spares for our large transformers, a large part of the power grid (including 70 to 100 percent of the United States power grid) will be down for years.

A 2008 study by Metatech found that the time required to obtain a replacement for any one of the 370 or so largest transformers in the United States was 3 years. In a solar superstorm that affects vulnerable areas of the entire world, delivery times could easily be much longer.

Because of the inevitability of a large solar superstorm, we have to accept the fact that the current electric power grid upon which our lives depend is only a temporary infrastructure. This temporary infrastructure has served us very well, and we now have entrusted our very lives to it . We do not know how long it will last; but if it not replaced by a robust permanent infrastructure in time, hundreds of millions of people will die when the electric power grid collapses simultaneously in many countries. How such a collapse occurs is well known, and the methods to either prevent it, or to have spare transformers in place to fairly quickly repair it, are also well known. Although these preventive measures would not be terribly expensive, they would take some time to put into place, and those things have never been done.

Provisions for insuring islands of power production within the country that would prevent millions of deaths could be put in place fairly quickly, and much less inexpensively, but this also has never been done — or even seriously considered, except by the scientists and engineers who have studied the fragility of the electric power grid.

What just happened?
The most important piece of information you can have after any sort of unusual electrical event is information about what happened . If there is a bright flash in the sky at the same time that the power goes off, and you've been thinking about nuclear EMP, your first reaction may be to assume the worst — but it may be just a cloud-to-cloud lightning that happened at the same time that a distant cloud-to-ground lightning strike knocked out the power. Even if you thought the sky was clear outside, there may have been a distant thunderstorm, and lightning bolts sometimes travel remarkably long distances.

If it is a nuclear EMP, though, you will want to know about it right away, and the local radio and television stations are going to all be off the air. The internet will also be down. There might be some telephone service if you are very lucky, but anyone that you would call probably won't know any more than you. The only way that you will get any timely information will be by listening to broadcasts originating on other continents using a battery-operated shortwave radio.

If you have a shortwave radio, it is likely to be knocked out by the EMP unless it is adequately shielded. To be adequately shielded, it needs to be kept inside of a complete metallic shielded enclosure, commonly known as a Faraday cage, and preferably inside nested Faraday cages. A Faraday cage is an total enclosure made out of a good electrical conductor such as copper or aluminum. Large Faraday cages can get extremely complicated. For small portable electronics, though, completely covering the electronic equipment in aluminum foil makes an adequate Faraday cage around the equipment. The foil covering needs to be complete, without any significant gaps. Wrap the device in plastic or put it in an insulated box before wrapping the covered device in foil. (Otherwise, the foil may simply conduct the EMP energy into the device more effectively.) A single layer of foil may not be adequate. In order to enclose the equipment in a nested Faraday cage, place the foil-covered device in a plastic bag, such as a freezer bag, and wrap that bag completely in aluminum foil. If you really want to protect the equipment against a large EMP, add another layer of plastic and foil.

箔上的金属箔层刚刚加入不会做的非常好，由于被称为“趋肤效应。”我不会刻意去解释这里皮肤的作用，但如果你好奇，你可以看看它。
当然，任何天线或电源线需要断开或完全包含在法拉第笼。
你需要保持充足的电池，手头上的无线电。 有一些模型的短波收音机，手摇或太阳能发电，但那些“紧急无线电”，我试过，没有很好的短波接收。 背后有一个短波收音机的想法是能够直接接收另一个大陆上的广播电台一直受到了EMP的影响 。 我最喜欢的便携式，不是太昂贵的收音机，接收器是SONY ICF-SW7600GR。 这种模式是不便宜，但通常可以找到“列表价格低于其至少25％。”

许多人已购买或使用EMP攻击后保持旧的真空管收音机。 虽然真空管是成千上万倍以上的抗EMP比晶体管（分立晶体管远远超过集成电路的耐），真空管收音机可以通过电磁脉冲损坏其他部件。 事实上，真空管收音机居然被损坏的高海拔在1962年进行核试验。 真空管收音机也有要求远远超过固态收音机电源的缺点，电力将是一个罕见的商品后，核电磁脉冲。 虽然真空管收音机会有未来完好，只要通过EMP事件，因为它被关闭，而不是连接到天线的可能性很高，一个现代化的固态短波电台保持一个嵌套的法拉第笼里面是最好的形式获得信息后EMP事件的保险。 （很多人不明白，大多数仍然存在真空电子管收音机有早期的固态器件称为硒整流器，那是相当脆弱的EMP损害。虽然仍在出售旧收音机的更换硒整流器，他们很难找到，你可能会发现他们是不可能得到EMP攻击后。）

一个核电磁脉冲将严重破坏大气上层的，所以它可能是几个小时后，EMP之前，你体面任何无线电短波接收，但之前，你可以从任何其他来源得到的信息将是长期的。 如果你在美国的时候，你可能是从本地的NOAA天气广播电台能够得到紧急信息。 我相信，几个NOAA紧急发射机EMP保护，但大多数都不是。 许多这些发射机的维修可能能够通过军事人员，还可以提供一段时间的紧急权力，但紧急电源可能不会持续很长时间。 不过，如果你在美国的时候，重要的是有一个NOAA天气广播。 这些收音机真的是价格便宜，而且每当诺阿发射机工作，他们可以提供当地的信息，是极为重要的。 喜欢你的短波收音机，紧急NOAA天气收音机需要保持在一个嵌套的法拉第笼，直到你需要它。 NOAA天气收音机可能是特别重要，在一个大的的太阳能superstorm，收音机可能会继续工作，并提供资料的情况下，即使电网的可能是许多年。

如果你得知你已经在EMP攻击，不要让任何东西不好，可能已经过早假设。 它可能只是击中了该国的一部分，或它可能已被一个相对较小的武器，使电网可能在几周内恢复运行。 它也可能是从一个大的武器，或多种武器，彻底摧毁了该国的基础设施。 有一个巨大的频谱EMP攻击的可能性。

如果你有一个备用的笔记本电脑，它也可以被储存在你的收音机一样，嵌套的法拉第笼。

法拉第笼别处已被写入多少是根据法拉第笼，将是大小的房间或建筑物结构的假设。 Large professionally-built faraday cages need to be well-grounded, but for smaller faraday cages, such as you would use to shield a radio or a laptop computer, any wire running to a ground is likely to just function as an antenna, and possibly as a very efficient antenna for gathering EMP.

As the Soviets learned in 1962, even large underground conductors (such as underground power lines) can absorb huge induced currents from nuclear EMP. The same thing can happen to underground conductors like cold water pipes, which are commonly used for grounding. In a nuclear EMP, a cold water pipe ground may become a large underground antenna if it is connected to a long underground pipe. Although these underground pipes won't pick up the fast E1 pulse, they can pick up rather large DC-like currents, and you don't need unexpected electrical currents coming from what you thought was a ground connection.

For shielding small items like radios and other electronics equipment, use the nested Faraday cage system of alternating foil (or screen) and plastic, and don't bother with the ground connection (unless you plan to physically bury your equipment). EMP grounding gets very tricky, and the ordinary rules for grounding do not apply. (Most high-power transmitter antennas are actually at a DC ground.)

A few days after an EMP attack, a lot of people will become really terrified as their food and water supplies run out, and they discover that there is no way to obtain fresh supplies. Within two or three weeks, the military services will likely come to the rescue for many people. If the size of the attack has been very large, though, that period of relief will probably not last very long. An even larger problem for food distribution is that any kind of centrally-directed distribution, no matter how well-intentioned, is highly inefficient. If you drive into any very large city with enough food for everyone, no centralized organization has ever figured out how to devise a mechanism that is anything close to being as efficient as the marketplace to get the food to everyone. In any case, most people will soon simply begin to starve to death.

For many people, their first concern regarding an EMP attack or aa solar superstorm is the protection of their personal electronics, or even their automobiles. For nearly everyone, though, the first real problem they will face will come from the loss of power to the pumps that supply their water and with the computers that maintain the only local food supplies. Although individuals cannot do anything to protect critical computers or to protect the power to critical water pumps, some advanced planning can increase the chances that you will have an adequate supply of food and water.

Whatever the scope of the EMP attack, the longer that you can remain at home and be fairly self-sufficient, the better things will be for you. This is likely to be especially true during the first few weeks after the EMP event. In most industrialized countries, it is not customary for individuals to keep very much in the way of emergency supplies in their homes. In fact, many people who do keep many emergency supplies are regarded with some suspicion, thought to be “survivalists” or some other strange breed of humans. Disasters are frequent enough, though, that any prudent individual should maintain some basic level of self-sufficiency. Most people in industrialized countries see large-scale emergencies happening frequently on television, while maintaining the irrational and completely unwarranted assumption that it will never happen to them. It is the people who do not plan for personal emergencies who ought to be regarded with suspicion as a strange and irrational breed of human.

There are several mainstream companies that specialize in these emergency supplies. The MREs (meals ready to eat) used by military services, especially during emergencies, have to be made on an industrial scale, and they are available for sale to individuals during non-emergency times. The MREs are not the best choice for emergency supplies, though, because of the limited lifetime compared to canned dehydrated and canned freeze-dried food. Many of these same companies that make MREs also make freeze-dried food in cans, which have a far longer shelf life and a much lower daily relative cost. After any sort of large-scale disaster, these supplies are only going to be available from government agencies, and government agencies will only have a finite supply. Many basic emergency supplies can be purchased from reputable companies that have been making these emergency food supplies for years. The food that these companies sell normally has a shelf life of 5 to 25 years or more, depending upon exactly how it is prepared and packaged. Although I do not want to get into the process of naming companies, one that I believe to be one of the best, especially for those who have not thought about the subject before, is Emergency Essentials .

For any emergency food supplies that you do get, it is important to get food that you personally like and are actually likely to use, even if a personal emergency never happens . Then, if an emergency does happen, it will be you, not distant relief workers, who will determine what the content of your food supply is. Some people keep only grains as an emergency food supply. Although some raw grains have a very long shelf life and a high calorie density, they do not have an adequate spectrum of nutrients for long-term use. In any emergency situation where scarcity of food is a long-term problem, we are likely to see the return of long-forgotten nutritional diseases such as scurvy and various kinds of other vitamin deficiencies, especially of the B vitamins and vitamin D.

Don't forget about water . Few people keep an emergency supply of water, in spite of the fact that it is inexpensive and easy to do. Almost every country of the world has a period of days every year where many people in some large area are without drinkable water . In most countries, much of the water is pumped by electric motors. After a major EMP attack or a solar superstorm, electricity for most of those pumps is going to be unavailable for a very long period of time. It would be easy for most cities to have a protected emergency electrical supply in place for critical pumps; but, like most EMP protection activity, although it is easy and could possibly save millions of lives, it is not being done .

It is also a good idea to have plenty of fire extinguishers. The immediate aftermath of either a nuclear EMP attack or a large solar superstorm is likely result in a number of fires, along with the elimination of the water necessary to extinguish the fires. Both the E3 component of a nuclear electromagnetic pulse, as well as the DC-like currents induced by a large solar superstorm, are likely to overheat thousands of transformers that are connected to long wires. Although it is the destruction of the very large transformers in the power grid that could keep the power grid from being restored for many years, many smaller transformers, such as those on utility poles, and spread throughout suburban neighborhoods, are at risk of overheating to the point that they cause fires.

If you want to really be part of the solution, instead of part of the problem, and increase the probability that the country can return to normal within a few years after an EMP attack, then you can be prepared to become part of the new infrastructure. The more electronics equipment that you can store under nested faraday shielding, the better. If you want to be able to use that electronics equipment after the batteries run down, you will need a personal power source. A simple small electric generator, one that does not depend upon electronics to run, is always a good idea. After an EMP attack, though, fuel for the generator will be a scarce commodity. Solar panels can be used to supply a small amount of electricity indefinitely, especially if you also have some good rechargeable batteries that match the voltage of your solar panel. I don't know how resistant solar cells are to EMP (the solar panel technology is ever-changing), but if you have something like a 50 watt solar panel, you can store it in a nested faraday cage. Only very rare individuals are going to be able to have full electric power after an EMP attack, no matter what advance preparations they might like to make. In a post-pulse world, though, any amount of reasonably reliable electricity is going to be a real personal luxury.

Laptop computers are generally much easier to protect from EMP than desktop computers. This is true both because of the smaller size of laptop computers and the fact that desktop computers have numerous cables which act as antennas for EMP — and which conduct the pulse directly to the very sensitive electronics inside the computer. Even laptop computers must be well-shielded without any connections to unprotected wires. The US military contractors have developed shielding devices so that laptop computers can continue to be used during EMP attacks, as described in this news release . Devices such as these, however, are not available on the commercial market.

If you plan to use solar cells or battery power, you will probably want to keep a small inverter under shielding. Inverters that can step up ordinary 12 volt DC power to a few hundred watts of household AC are not terribly expensive. For people who own protected photovoltaic solar cells, a number of DC-powered appliances have recently become available.

如果你有访问后EMP的电力足够运行微波炉偶尔，可以是一个非常有效的方式在许多情况下烹调食物。 问题是，大多数微波炉不能打开后EMP的事件，由于固态控制电路的灵敏度。 磁控管，微波炉产生的热可能会生存的EMP就好。 微波炉大量屏蔽，但敏感的控制电路的屏蔽之外。 一些微波炉的控制由机械定时器，这些很可能是后全功能的EMP（假设你偶尔可以得到足够的电力来操作）。 你仍然可以找到机械定时器控制的微波炉，偶尔，虽然他们越来越难找到每年。 我买了一个凯马特大约两年前为40美元后的EMP使用。 最近，我看到在市场上与机电控制小型微波炉。

微波炉腔是一种有效的法拉第笼，可用于小型电子产品屏蔽。 重要的是应该有它的电源线切断关闭微波炉的身体，任何用于此目的的微波炉 。 应该这样做既可以防止意外打开电子微波炉内，并防止电源线作为天线进行入烤箱内部的EMP。

如果你想存储在一个法拉第笼较大的项目，可以使用铜屏幕或铝屏幕。 大多数商业法拉第笼用铜丝网，铜丝网价格昂贵，难以为大多数人获得。 明亮的铝屏幕工程几乎同时，卷筒铝屏幕可以得到许多建筑，如Home Depot的供应商店。 不用担心的事实，这个屏幕是没有了坚实的物质。 普通纱窗的网格小通风孔的大小是无关的EMP保护。 铝的屏幕可以使一个非常有效的电磁屏蔽。 普通亚铁（含铁）的窗口屏幕是不是一个法拉第笼的好材料。

不过，千万记住，有什么甚至接近一个房间大小的法拉第笼是可能只有部分屏蔽，除非它是认真和专业的设计和维护，是为大多数人完全不切实际的东西。 虽然，部分屏蔽，往往可以减少从外部电磁信号的一个关键量。 当我在广播发射机站点，从调频广播天线的面积在地面水平普遍停泊车辆的电磁辐射水平不可接受的工作，我有铜屏幕建成了车棚嵌入到屋顶的车棚。 在减少电磁辐射下的车棚颇有戏剧性 - 实际使用专业设备测量。 由于核电磁脉冲，在一个相当高的角度，它可能是类似的安排，但使用铝屏幕，将大大减少对EMP，可能不足以保护下面的屏蔽结构中的车辆和其他大型项目。 在车棚，我已经建立的情况下，我接地嵌入屏幕，因为我知道，通往地面的电线不会充当天线的多盾地面。 虽然大多数小法拉第笼不应接地，因为“意外天线”问题，如果车棚盾可以在所有四个角良好的接地，然后直接线接地棒在每个角落，可能会是一个好主意。

它是重要的，重要的是你的所有计算机数据备份到CD或DVD， 光学介质，如。 纸打印的罚款，但EMP攻击后，大部分纸打印的数据只会永远不会输入到电脑背面，所以这些文件打印，只会成为你的个人纪念品。

CD和DVD的数据（换句话说，光媒体）不会受到电磁脉冲。 即使你的电脑被破坏，如果该国的经济可以得到EMP攻击后重新建立新的计算机可以购买其他大洲。 如果所有的电脑数据消失，然后恢复将是多年以后，那将是比如果数据可能仅仅是从光学介质重载。 计算机中的数据运行我们的现代世界。 它是一种无形的魔力，我提到在本页面顶部的重要组成部分。 如果你拥有一家小型企业，计算机数据可以显得尤为重要。 （这可能不是一个好主意，使用双面DVD的，不过，由于层与层之间的电弧的可能性。最好是只使用单面单层的媒体。）

保护您对EMP的房子大部分电子电器，如果他们在使用和插入，大概是绝望。 始终存在的可能性，但是，你将EMP攻击的影响范围的边缘附近。 对于这种可能性，普通浪涌​​抑制器和铁氧体抑制核心的组合可能是非常有价值的。 目前至少有一家公司，使浪涌抑制器看起来很像普通的零售商店浪涌抑制器，被设计成核电磁脉冲的速度不够快。

铁氧体抑制核心的嵌入式圆柱形的东西，对敏感电子设备的电源线圆柱突起。 对普通瞬变保护您的设备 - 如发生不断的电源线，并慢慢地损坏电子设备的类型，他们可以非常有效。 电源线（内许多电涌保护器）的铁氧体抑制通常是普通型43铁氧体材料，它提供了大量的对普通瞬态保护，但会做非常快的一个E1组件只针对一点点，以保护核电磁脉冲。 你可以买铁氧体抑制器，包括独立的管理单元管理单元与61型铁素体，这将吸收更快的脉冲铁氧体抑制核心。 铁氧体磁芯材料61不花费，比老式的铁素体多，他们应该削弱核电磁脉冲比43型材料更好的穗。 如果你是在一个区域，那里是一个强大的电磁脉冲，它不会削弱它足够做什么好，但如果你在受影响地区的边缘，或只是得到一个附近的雷击，或有很多普通电源线的电压尖峰，这些单元铁氧体磁芯材料61可能是极其宝贵的。 Mouser电子公司，如他们出售。 寻找项目，如展天威零件编号0461167281或0461164281。

如浪涌抑制器及铁氧体抑制核项目只将是对相对较小的脉冲，通过电力线来的有效。 一个大型的EMP将完全和鱼苗完全由直接诱导电流的设备本身过于庞大，处理您的大屏幕电视。 为您家中的许多其他电子产品也同样如此。 没有理由承担，但任何EMP攻击，将最大限度地有效-或者，你将永远是正确的，受影响地区的边缘，即使EMP攻击，从未发生过，一个小的电压尖峰无尽的攻势正在蚕食你的电子设备，除非你正在做的事情，以防止它每天。

有各种EMP攻击场景。 在许多情况下，可以想见，在周围的EMP区的边缘地区是非常大的。 有可能是整个大城市连最低限度的保护屏蔽设备大多生存，但一切不受保护的是炒。

其实是有很多很多，可以做是为了保护您的电子从一个小的EMP攻击，如果你恰巧是在边缘的EMP患处。 如果你住在雷电易发区，这些东西会给你的电子设备更长的寿命。 小电器瞬变的重复次数是一个电子故障的主要原因，排名第二，仅作为大多数类型的事业热电子故障。

读取重要的国家基础设施上的电磁脉冲委员会的报告是很重要的，所以你有一些想法EMP的问题的范围。 注：这是一个200页的报告（7兆字节），下载可能需要一个半小时或更长时间，如果你是一个缓慢的拨号连接。

这种电磁脉冲委员会的报告是最好的信息，但绝对不是硬道理，可能在今天的基础设施和设备的电磁脉冲效应。 在EMP委员会主要依赖于从模拟器的数据，这些数据并不能说明所有的效果，实际上是在1962年的核试验，特别是在看到苏联对哈萨克斯坦的EMP测试 。

是汽车和卡车似乎是对EMP的攻击，什么是最小说中描绘的更弹性的一件事，你会发现在这一关键的国家基础设施的报告 。 虽然许多车辆将呈现失效，这将是一个普通的“拆迁德比”街道和公路上，车辆运行时间在一个EMP大多数（但不是全部）将有可能运行后，他们开始（虽然有很高的机率会遇到你的汽车电子点火系统以外的电子损坏，你的车可能要在一个非常规的方式开始）。 它可能需要有一个为您的汽车维修手册，让你或你认识的人，可以计算出如何绕过你的车损坏的模块。

车辆，特别是汽油的车辆，必须有强大的电磁屏蔽围绕整个电子点火系统的金额。 否则，所有的汽车点火噪声会使无线电和电视机无法使用（尤其是汽车收音机）。 今天的汽车已经出版了电磁屏蔽的标准，但没有屏蔽要求多的一致性。 为许多不同的标准，汽车电磁屏蔽的部分列表，您可以检查此克莱姆森大学名单 。

关于汽车电磁脉冲测试的另一个有趣的文章是从一个在此页的白沙导弹靶场进行通讯 。

经营一辆车后EMP事件（或者甚至是的太阳能superstorm）最困难的部分可能会获得汽油。 这是非常愚蠢的，永远让你的坦克水平的汽油低于半满。 在紧急情况下的广泛，最宝贵的东西，有一个是满缸汽油。 没有太阳能superstorm会损坏您的汽车，但淘汰的电网，它可以使燃料几乎不可能找到。

重要的是要记得，在1962年最后一次汽车实际上是对核电磁脉冲测试 。 自那时以来的一切都​​已经在模拟器，我们希望是接近真实的东西。

常见的问题中，人们问的是有关接地车帧。 如果有一辆车停在一个位置，那里是一个很短，直接连接直降成一个高品质的地面，然后接地车的框架，可以帮助。 不过，在大多数情况下，试图接地汽车框架，更可能只是提供了一个意外的电磁脉冲天线的更糟。 为汽车提供适量的EMP保护的最安全的方式是保持一棚金属内停泊。

在1962年苏联的高海拔超过哈萨克斯坦的核试验，甚至军事的柴油发电机组被损坏。 这个过程显然是开始从大电压尖峰脉冲快速E1组件通过在一个点上布线的绝缘冲压。 据弗拉基米尔·Loborev，研究这一现象的首席科学家之一，“这种现象无论是电气穿刺发生在一个系统的薄弱点。 接下来，热穿刺在这一点上，电源电压的作用下，作为一个结果，就是把电力来源的行动往往“（从他在1994年在法国波尔多EUROEM会议的报告。 ）

这应该是一个任何人打算使用任何很老的车后EMP事件可能使用的警告。 如果你有一个预时代汽车电子点火，它是重要的，你还必须为车辆电气线路图，以及大量的保险丝（和我意味着大量的保险丝）和一些关键的电气备件。 我自己在维护模式的RCA 1959年到2000年的高功率电视发射机的个人经验告诉我，这是很容易打穿老绝缘高电压。 虽然这些老旧车辆维修后的EMP可能比一个现代化的汽车维修容易，它可以是非常令人沮丧，因为很旧的电线绝缘可以变得非常脆。

为了保护在苏联在1962年测试经验的绕组绝缘穿刺小型发电机，它很可能是简单MOV的瞬态保护最发电机（120伏的网点之一，横跨有线）将提供足够的保护。 MOVS是不够快，捕获的EMP穗领先优势，但它需要更多的能源来一拳，通过珐琅绝缘材料，而不是损害微电子，所以很可能，这些的MOVS会提供足够的绝缘保护。 小MOVS是从Radio Shack的（部件编号276-568），如公司随时可用。 （这是不可能的，这些的MOVS会足够快，以保护任何可能在发电机的微电子，虽然。）

如果您正在构建的任何EMP保护，确实需要有接地连接，确保这是一个好品质的地面。 如果土壤干燥，岩石，否则可能成为导电性能差，专有的商业接地化合物的是可提高接地棒的电导率地球。 膨润土是一种被广泛使用的材料在钻探行业，可也大大加强接地系统和地球之间的导电性。 我发现膨润土作为接地材料是非常有效的。 对于大多数人来说，膨润土是更容易获得，远远超过专有的商业接地化合物的实际。 如果埋葬垂直接地棒是不可行的，一个相当良好的接地可以由挖壕沟，只要和深度是可行的，然后在沟内放置灵活的铜管（如在管道使用），覆盖膨润土或其他接地复合铜管，覆盖表土，然后使用地上部分的地面连接的铜管。

我约网站的一个单独的页面上线的第一稿，现在EMP的接地 ，以及如何轻松地构建一个地面，可能是为了避免“意外天线”的问题很常见的，当非工程师尝试构建一个EMP电气接地。

各类钢外壳通常建议使用存储电子设备的电磁脉冲屏蔽。 虽然钢可以是一个良好的电磁屏蔽，我发现这是大大逊色于更好的电导体，如铜和铝在强电磁环境中的实际测量。 钢具有更好的电导体，如铜，铝，所以最好的情况不同的特点，如果您使用的是不锈钢外壳，是作为一个额外的屏蔽层添加了一层铜或铝的屏幕或箔。 其实，最好的EMP的盾牌，将交替分离金属层与绝缘材料的钢铁和铝或铜层，有证据。 （这是实际建造电磁屏蔽的建筑物是多少。）

上的电子设备的电源线隔离干扰的一个非常有效的手段是使用“双转换”，“真正的在线”UPS（不间断电源）。 任何一个非常大的E1脉冲对电源线在未来将破坏的UPS，但已经分离的UPS设备的电源线瞬态失败之前。 重要的是要注意到，市场上最不间断电源是不是真正的“在线”型，实用性是非常有限的隔离设备的电源线（即使是普通的电压尖峰）。 最便宜的不间断电源，让大部分的电压尖峰击中前切换到内部电池供电的交流电源失败后的设备。

最好是真正的在线式UPS单位由索拉作出的，但它们也相当昂贵。 的特里普-Lite使一系列真实在线双转换UPS的单位，更便宜和更容易为大多数人找到。 （许多主要的UPS制造商，而他们的UPS单元是否是真正的在线双转换类型的欺骗性，虽然大多数公司都约在实际设备保护的差异，因为他们的UPS单元的架构变得更加诚实是相当可观的。 ）

真正的在线式UPS单位也可以隔离设备从太阳风暴的E3展脉冲或实际太阳能superstorm的，影响的效果。 虽然个人E3型事件的主要影响是电网总功率损失，这些事件可能会导致在AC电源波形短一段时间，直到电网崩溃的极端扭曲。 这种极度扭曲的交流，除非采取措施隔离设备的电源线，使用一个真正的在线式UPS或铁磁谐振变压器，可以在很短的时间量和损坏的电气和电子设备的电机烧坏。 铁磁谐振变压器，如索拉的CVS系列，某些类型的设备，确保设备得到一个纯正弦波或什么都没有隔离电源线扭曲。 索拉CVS的变压器也极为有效阻止大多数的瞬态电压，从设备得到的，虽然他们不会完全阻止非常大，如快速核电磁脉冲的E1组件的快速瞬变。

一个非常重要的考虑使用UPS或铁磁谐振变压器的保护人的任何设备的任何大小（甚至冰箱）电机是电机具有很高的启动电流，既不台UPS也铁磁谐振变压器是专为电机运转 。 如果您正在尝试使用一个UPS或铁磁谐振变压器，以保护任何设备，电机是负载的重要组成部分，你必须选择一个UPS或铁磁谐振变压器，有几次的额定负载家电。

由于电子设备已成为所有的时间，更容易受到瞬态电压浪涌抑制器保护昂贵的消费类电子产品的销售越来越好所有的时间。 今天的AC插头瞬态抑制器快得多比那些卖短短一年或两年前，和许多新的单位会吸收更大的电压尖峰。 虽然没有消费型电涌保护装置可能是对EMP的完全有效的，他们可能在保护家用电器某些类型的。

对于双向无线电设备或无线电接收机已经非常良好的屏蔽和也从电源线分离，但与外接天线连接的漏洞留下的人，可以得到EMP保护装置，是由polyphaser 。 天线连接的Polyphaser EMP保护装置一般使用N型连接器（所以你可能需要一个适配器），和一般成本约125元。 不不卖polyphaser这些设备直接在小批量的客户，但他们可以理察森电子公司通过诸如购买，如果你知道什么型号Polyphaser设备，你想。

为了方便保护小型电子产品，如笔记本电脑，他们是在不使用时，铝公文包应该是非常有用的。 它需要有坚实的金属铝公文包（ 不是更便宜的“铝公文包”，实际上大部分铝彩色塑料制成）。 如果你是不确定的铝公文包的电磁完整性，电磁屏蔽金属喷漆层可以添加到公文包的外观。 电磁屏蔽喷漆罐，往往是相当昂贵的，但他们可以从如Mouser电子公司购买。

您的个人EMP和太阳风暴的保护计划，很可能是非常不同取决于你住在什么地方，和其他人与你生活多少。 只有这样，才能使一个有效的计划是尝试想象一个不愉快的未来，你在哪里倏然到中世纪。 电磁脉冲或严重的太阳风暴不会摧毁的一件事是如何重新建立有效的知识。 我们希望，即使我们没有得到一个可靠和永久的时间建成的基础设施，以避免一场灾难，重建后脉冲的电气和电子基础设施将是永久性的东西，我们终于可以相信，不像很脆弱的基础设施，我们有今天。

标签： 2012年 • 2012预测 • 太阳能最大

提起下： 2012 • 太阳能最大2012

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